Measuring cell

Sample location

Parameters to be measured

Physical data measured

Frequency range

Transmission lines or waveguide

At the center of the cell

S₁₁ and S₂₁

e and m

Broadband

In front of a short circuit

S₁₁

m

Low frequency

In front of an open circuit

S₁₁

e

Broadband

In contact with a probe

S₁₁

e

Broadband

Resonator cavity

Alone

S₁₁ or S₂₁
Module

e or m

Single frequency

Free space

In front of a short circuit

S₁₁

Z_s, e or m

Broadband

Alone

S₁₁ and S₂₁

e and m

Broadband