Table 6. Summary of studies examining how aPDT influences microbiota composition and modulation.
aPDT Conditions | Targeted microorganism(s) | Observation(s) | Outcome | Reference |
N.C., Diode Laser, 670 nm, 3 applications | Tannerella forsythia, P. gingivalis | In vivo microbiota alteration with an increase of Actinomyces species | + | |
MB, Diode laser, 660 nm | K. pneumoniae, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, | In vivo microbiota alteration with the substitution of the original microbial strains by clones of the same species in boid snakes | ± | |
Phenothiazine chloride, Diode laser, 660 nm, 4 applications | N.C. | In vivo shift in subgingival microbiota with a non-significant decrease of Fusobacterium nucleatum count in patients with chronic periodontitis | 0 | |
Erythrosine, Diode laser blue light | Streptococcus mutans, C. albicans | Decrease of commensal Lactobacillus casei in 3 species biofilms | - | |
ICG, Diode laser, 808 nm, number of applications N.C. | Porphyromononas endodontalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and Treponema medium | In vivo, decreased relative abundance of Porphyromononas, Tannerella, and Treponema. Increased relative abundance of Actinomyces, Capnocytophaga, and Streptococcus 3 months post-treatment in 3 patients with chronic periodontitis | + | |
5-ALA, LED, 630 nm | Cutibacterium acnes | In vivo increase of P. fluorescens relative abundance, increased microbiota diversity, and restoration of the healthy microbial community in patients with severe acne | + | |
5-ALA, N.C. | C. acnes | In vivo increase of Bacillus and Lactococcus relative abundance, phenotype, and function alteration, and increased microbiota diversity in patients with severe acne | + | |
Cur, LED, 405 nm | Vibrio spp. | In vivo decreased microbial diversity and reduction of beneficial microbial groups in Artemia nauplii and post larvae of Penaeus monodon | - | |
ICG, Diode laser, 810 nm, 2 applications | P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, P. nigrescens, C. rectus, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and P. micra | In vivo transient shift toward a more balanced microbial community at 3 months post-treatment was not maintained at 6 months in patients with chronic periodontitis | + | |
5-ALA, LED, 630 nm | C. acnes, and other Actinoabacteria | In vivo increased microbial diversity, reduction of relative abundance of Actinoabacteria, increased relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, 3 weeks post-treatment in patients with severe acne | + | |
5-ALA, LED, 400-410 nm | F. nucleatum | Reduction of Fusobacterium, no significant alteration in α-diversity | 0 | |
5-ALA & MAL, LED, 400-700 nm | Staphylococcus spp. | Firmicutes proportion reduction, higher median richness, and diversity of skin microbiota in patients with skin antisepsis | + | |
Abbreviations: 5-ALA: 5-aminolevulinic acid; Cur: curcumin; ICG: indocyanine green; LED: light-emitting diode; MAL: methyl-aminolevulinate; MB: methylene blue; N.C.: not communicated; +: pro-immunomodulatory; −: immune-dysregulatory; ±: dual/ context-dependent; 0: neutral | ||||